Meaning of statistics
“统计数据”一词用两个感官 - 呈单数。以其复数形式，它指的是以系统的方式收集的统计数据，并具有一定的目标或对象。以奇异形式，这意味着统计方法或主题本身，包括与数值数据的收集，分析和解释有关的方法和原则。
统计的定义
Different authors have given different definitions of Statistics in two different senses viz. plural and singular. Some of the definitions are given below.
统计数字从复数意义上
1. "Statistics are numerical statement of facts in any department of enquiry placed in relation to each other"-A.L. Bowley.
2.“统计数据是代表州人民条件的机密事实……特别是可以用数字或数字表或任何表格或分类安排中的数字或表格中说明的事实。”
3. "By statistics we mean aggregate of facts affected to a marked extent by multiplicity of causes, numerically expressed, enumerated or estimated according to a reasonable standards of accuracy, collected in a systematic manner for a predetermined purpose and placed in relation to each other."Horace Secrist.
从多个意义上讲，霍拉斯秘密的定义似乎是最详尽的。
奇异意义上的统计
In singular sense, different authors have defined Statistics differently.
1.“统计数据可以称为计数科学。” - A.L。鲍利。
2.“统计数据可能正确地称为平均科学。” - A.L。鲍利。
3.“统计学是对社会生物的测量科学，在其表现形式中被视为整体” -A.L。鲍利。
4.“统计数据可以定义为数值数据的收集，演示，分析和解释的科学。” - Croxton and Cowden。
5.“统计数据可以被视为面对不确定性的明智决定的方法” - 沃利斯和罗伯茨。
统计功能
今天我们发现，几乎没有人类活动阶段发现统计技术有用。统计数据的日益增长的有用性是由于其执行的功能。统计的一些最重要的功能是
(i) The complex mass of data are made simple and understandabtle with the help of statistical 'methods,
(ii) To interpret the various characterstics of data, classification is done by the application of improved techniques of Statistics.
(iii) To study-relationship between two or more phenomena statistical methods are used.
（iv）统计数据在扩大个人经验的数据分析中提供了各种信息。
(v) Statistics helps in formulating policies in different fields.
(vi) Statistical methods are highly useful tools in analysing the past data and predicting future trends.
(vii) Statistics helps us to arrive at any correct and dependable conslusion.
（viii）统计数据有助于表面决策或不确定性。
（ix）只能借助统计数据来测试不同知识分支的法律的正确性。
（x）统计的一个重要功能是提供进行比较的技术。
统计的范围和重要性
It is very difficult to describe clearly and-concisely the importance of any particular subject. Statistics being a comprehensive science, it has its application 'to almost all the branches of human knowledge and therefore it becomes more difficult to describe its scope. Even in our day-to-day life we apply statistical methods knowingly or unknowingly. Starting as a science of king now it has covered all branches of science viz. social, physical and natural, The physical sciences do not benefit as much from Statistics as social sciences.
它是没有意义的,试图提到所有的基于“增大化现实”技术eas in which statistical methods are used. To mention only a few, Statistics is becoming increasingly important in Agriculture, Business and Commerce, Economics, Astronomy, Biology, Engineering, Medical, Meterology, Physics, Psychology, Sociology, Insurance, Operations Research, Computer Programming, Disaster Management, Demography, Actuarial Science and so on. The use of statistical methods in each of these fields grew in a different way. Statistics is not at the same stage of development in all the different fields of study.
统计的局限性
The field of Statistics,' though widely used in all areas of human knowledge and widely applied in a variety of disciplines, it has its limitations. It cannot be applied to all situations. Some of the limitations are
（i）统计信息仅处理聚合，并且对单个项目没有任何重视。
（ii）统计研究仅研究定量特征，而不研究定性特征。
（iii）统计法平均是正确的
(iv) Statistical results are only approximately correct.
（v）统计数据并未揭示整个故事，而是一只帮助之手。
(vi) Statistics can be misused and hence should be applied only by experts.
统计人口和样本
人口通常是指人口，但在统计数据中，人口是一些人或物体的总体研究。它也称为宇宙。根据其中的元素数量，人口可能是有限的或无限的。例如，班上的学生人数是有限的，而河流海滩中的沙子颗粒人数是无限的。同样，人口可能是真实的或假设的。例如，书架中的书籍人数是真实的，而死亡的结果的人口多次是假设的。
人口中的单位数量称为人口规模。
A Sample is a small representative part taken from the population to know the characteristic of the population under study. The number of units in a sample is called its sample size. For example to know the average height of 100 students, if we select 5 students and by measuring them infer about the average height of 100 students, then 5 students constitute a sample.
人口普查和抽样
If information is collected from each and every individual of a population, the method of collecting information is known as census. For example after every ten years population census is conducted where every household is examined.
同样，如果在正确选择的代表性样本上执行信息，则收集信息的方法称为采样。因此，采样是一种仅通过研究其中的一些技术，可以通过研究其中的一些技术来提出有关整个人群的推论。0dmpling需要更少的时间，劳动力和金钱，因此比人口普查更经济。
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