Statistics>> Statistics Apporach
统计的起源
Statistics was born as the Science of Kings. It had its origin in the needs of the administrators in the ancient days for collecting and maintaining quantitative information about their population and wealth with a view to make policies for citizens. The word 'Statistics' resembles with Latin word 'Status', Italian word 'Sratista', German word 'Statistik' carrying the same meaning of a political state. In-the early years when this branch of science was not much developed, the data were collected by the government officials for the purpose of administration.
About 3050 B.C. the first collection of data was made in Egypt regarding the population and wealth for raising the pyramids. Such collection of data later held in England, Germany and many other western countries in the middle ages. In India during the period of Chandragupta Maurya a system of collection of vital statistics was evolved and births and deaths were started to be registered. Emperor Akbar made a wider administrative use of statistical surveys in the country. The histories of almost all the countries of the world reveal that statistics was used as a vital instrument for administration of the various activities of the states for which it was regarded as the 'Science of Statecraft'.
DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS
Statistics is an old science. For the last few centuries, it has remained a part of mathematics as the original work was done by mathematicians like Pascal (1623-1662), 1. Bernoulli (1654-1705), De Moivre (1667-1754), Laplace (1749-1827), Gauss (1777-1855), and many others. The Royal statistical society of London was founded in 1834 and the American Statistical Association in 1839.
Probabil1ty和正态分布的理论在该主题的发展中非常重要，现在它们在统计理论中至关重要。Blaise Pascal（1623-62），Fermat（1601-65），Ftuygens（1629-95）提出了一些新想法。关于概率的第一本书于1654年出版。雅各布·伯诺利（Jacob Bernoulli）（1654-1705），亚伯拉罕·德·莫伊夫（Abraham de Moivre）（1667-1754）和P.S.Laplace（1749-1827）为早期理论和概率的应用做出了巨大贡献。亚伯拉罕·德·莫伊夫（Abraham de Moivre）开发了正常曲线的方程式（1733）。后来，拉普拉斯（Laplace）和高斯（Gauss）（1777- 1855年）独立于其他方面发展了相同的“结果”。
生物学家查尔斯·达尔文（Charles Darwin，1809 - 82年）和孟德尔（1822-84）不是统计学家，尽管他们在工作中使用了统计数据，但他们并没有花时间将统计数据放在牢固的基础上。
Karl Pearson (1857-1936), initially a mathematical physicist, after-becoming interested in the evolution spent nearly half a century in serious statistical research. He helped to found the journal 'Biometrica'. Sir Ronald Fisher (1890-1962) made many important contributions to the subject. Fisher and his students applied statistics in many fields, particularly agriculture, biology and genetics. Some of the basic theory on hypothesis testing was presented by J. Neyman and E.S. Pearson as late as 1936 and 1.938.
Since the last 1920's interest in the application of statistical methods to all types of problems has grown rapidly.
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