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光学物理- 轻波性质

轻波性质

The rays’ optics uses the geometry of straight lines to account for the macroscopic phenomena like rectilinear propagation of light and refraction of light and reflection of light etc. however, the macroscopic phenomena like interference, diffraction and polarization could not be accounted for by ray optics. To explain these phenomena, concept of waves was introduced. The new branch of Physics based on the wave concept of light was called Wave Optics or Physical optics. The wave theory of light was put forward first of all by Huygens and later on modified by Fresnel. According to wave theory of light; the light is a form of energy which travels through a medium in the form of transverse wave motion. The speed of light in a medium depends upon the nature of medium. Huygens supposed the existence of a hypothetical medium called luminiferous ether which filled the entire space. This medium was supposed to be massless with extremely high elasticity and very low density.

在物理学的这一方面,我们将讨论与光质有关的各种现象。

Huygens原理

在培养基中波传播期间,Huygens在任何瞬间都提出了一个普通位置的几何结构的假设。该原理说明了在介质中进一步传播波的方式。据他介绍,

1。给定的波前部的每个点(称为干扰,称为次级小波,它们都以光速在介质中的速度向各个方向传播。

2。在任何瞬间,在任何瞬间向前方向向前方向触摸这些次级小波的表面在该瞬间提供了新的波前。这称为辅助波阵。

为了说明Huygens原理,让AB在任何瞬间成为给定波前的一部分(称为主要波前)。要在时间t后找到次级波前的位置,请在波前AB上以1、2、3、4的位置以1、2、3、4,………………………………。在介质C×t中通过光传播的距离,其中c是介质中的光的速度,将每个点作为中心作为中心,绘制半径=c×t,这些球形表面代表时间t的次级小波的位置。画一个表面一个1b1切向接触,所有次级小波都沿向前方向触摸。表面一个1b1是次级波前。表面一个2b2切向触摸,也可以在向后的次级波前绘制所有次要小波,但这与观察相反。因此,我们得出的结论是,在波传播过程中没有能量的向后流。

从上面的讨论中,注意到在均匀的介质中,在波传播过程中,球形发散的传播的半径,球形发散的半径随时间而均匀地增加,波前平行于自身。

Huygens原理可用于根据波理论来解释光和折射的现象。

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