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Applied Thermodynamics

应用热力学可以称为分析能量过程的热，工作和系统之间的关系。这项科学涉及到化石燃料等可用资源中所含能源的转化为机械工作。有许多分析方法和理论方法应用于计算机进行能量转化过程。

传热和传热.

The heat transfer is one of the basic concepts to be understood for studying engineering thermodynamics. Heat may be crossed to, from or across the boundaries of a system. Heat is transferred only when there is a temperature difference between the system and the surrounding and is transferred by the process of conduction, convection and radiation, which occur in combination or separately.

各种类型的过程

1. Isobaric process- the process during which the pressure of the working fluid is constant.

2. Isothermal process- the process during which the temperature of the working fluid is constant.

3.等性过程 - 工作流体熵恒定的过程。

4. Isometric process- the process during which the volume of the working fluid is constant.

5. Adiabatic process- the process in which no heat is supplied or rejected from the working fluid.

热力学的三个定律

The zeroth law- If two thermodynamic systems, A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other and one of them, say B is in thermal equilibrium with another thermodynamic system C , then A and C are also in thermal equilibrium.

First law of thermodynamics- Energy can neither be created nor can it be destroyed. The law states that when the heat and work interactions occur between a closed system and its environment, then the algebraic sum of work and heat interactions for a given cycle of the closed system is zero.

Second law of thermodynamics- Occurrence of all types of spontaneous reactions within a system lead to an overall entropy increase of the system and therefore the entropy of the universe always increases.

Third law of thermodynamics- The entropy of the system is zero at the absolute zero temperature.

Applications of engineering thermodynamics

All materials exist in either solid liquid or gaseous phase and all one component systems share certain characteristics. In a system where liquid and vapor coexist, it is called a saturated state. When the liquid and vapor are in equibillrium, the pressure is called saturation pressure and the temperature is called saturation temperature. When the temperature of a gas or vapor is greater than the saturation temperature, it is termed as superheated vapor. The study of air and water vapor mixtures used for air conditioning is called psychometry. The air in this study is approximated for containing nitrogen and oxygen only as other gases in air are contained in small amounts.

工程热力学应用中使用的一些常见术语和周期

Heat engine- a device that converts heat energy into mechanical energy is called heat engine. It also a system which operates continuously and only heat and work pass across its boundaries.

Rankine cycle- It is also called the standard vapor power cycle and in this cycle, the working fluid follows a closed cycle.

Otto cycle- The idealization of the process which is found in reciprocating internal combustion engines is called the Otto cycle. Most automobiles use this cycle of thermodynamic application.

柴油周期 - 柴油周期中的热量在恒定压力下提供。这是压缩点火引擎（不需要火花塞的那些）的理想循环。

燃气轮机自行车涡轮机基本上是旋转内燃机。从外侧引入的空气被压缩机压缩，然后引入流体，并在腔室中点燃空气和燃料的混合物。热气扩大的涡轮机可以产生工作。涡轮输出被排气系统耗尽。

Refrigeration cycle-an ideal refrigeration cycle is the reverse of Carnot cycle and works as a heat pump instead of a heat engine. The gas refrigeration cycle is used in an aircraft for cabin cooling. Rankine vapor compressor cycle is also used in other refrigerating units.