海森伯格的不确定性原则：
它是由海森伯格的不确定性原理定义的，不可能同时测量粒子的位置和动量。
Let Δx and Δp be the uncertainty in the simultaneous measurement of the position and momentum of the particle, then ΔxΔp=h′ ; where h′ = h/2π and h = 6.63 ´ 10-34 J-s is the Planck's constant.
If Δx = 0 then Δp = ∞ and if Δp = 0 then Δx =∞ i.e., if we are able to measure the exact position of the particle (say an electron) then the uncertainty in the measurement of the linear momentum of the molecules is infinite. Similarly, if we are able to calculate the exact linear momentum of the particle i.e., Δp = 0, then we cannot measure the exact position of the particle at that time.
Photon:
According to Eisenstein's quantum theory light propagates in the bundles of power, each packet being known as photon and possessing energy.
Energy of photon:每个光子的能量由e = hv = hc/λ给出，其中c =光速，h =木板常数= 6.6´10-34J-sec, n = Frequency in Hz, λ = Wavelength of light
Photo electric effect:
It is the phenomenon of emission of electrons from the surface of metals, when light radiations (Electromagnetic radiations) of suitable frequency fall on them. The emitted electrons are known as photoelectrons and the current so produced is called photoelectric current.
This effect is related on the rule of conservation of energy.
X射线：
在X射线管中，当高速电子撞击目标时，它们会穿透目标。他们失去了动能，安息在固体内。由于最终被停止的电子与目标中的原子发生了几次碰撞。在给定两种X射线中，每种碰撞都可能形成形式。
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