Java Database Connectivity

JDBC（称为Java数据库连接）是Sun Microsystems，Inc。的基于Java的数据访问技术。它是Java编程语言的API，描述了客户端如何访问数据库。它提供了在数据库中更新和查询数据的机制。JDBC针对关系数据库定向。JDBC-ODBC桥允许与JVM主机环境中的任何ODBC访问数据源连接。

The JDBC classes are comprised in the Java package java.sql and javax.sql. JDBC permits multiple implementations to be used by the same application. The API renders a method for dynamically importing the correct Java packages and registers them with the JDBC Driver Manager. The Driver Manager is utilized as a connection factory for creating JDBC connections.

JDBC连接支持的创建和执行statements. These can be update statements such as SQL's, INSERT, CREATE, DELETE and UPDATE or they can be query statements for example, SELECT. In addition, stored procedures may be called down through a JDBC connection. JDBC interprets statements using one of the following classes:

Statement:

The statement is sent to the database server every time.

1.准备的
它是缓存的，并且在数据库服务器上确定执行路径可以有效地执行多次。

2.CallableStatement
they are employed for executing stored procedures on the database.

For example, in Update statements: UPDATE, DELETE and INSERT return an update count that shows number of rows were involved in the database. These statements do not give any other information.

Whereas Query statements returns a JDBC row result set. The row result set is utilized to move over the result set. Separate columns in a row are retrieved either by column number or name. There can be n number of rows in the result set. The row result set has metadata that shows the names of the columns and their types.

Javax.sql中的主要JDBC API有一个扩展。JDBC连接通常是通过连接池来处理的，而不是直接从驾驶员接收。

SQL Language

SQL被称为结构化查询语言。它是一种编程语言，旨在在称为RDBMS的关系数据库管理系统中管理数据。

In an original manner, based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus. its scope includes query, delete, update, data insert, modification, schema creation and data access control.

SQL is often described as a declarativelanguage, which includes procedural elements. SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986 and of the International Organization for Standards in 1987.

The SQL language is categorized into several language elements which are as following:

条款：它们是陈述和查询的组成元素。

Expressions: They can produce either scalar values or tables comprising of columns and rows of data.

谓词：他们指定可以测量到SQL三值逻辑或布尔真值的条件，然后将其用于限制语句和查询的效果或更改程序的流程。

Queries: They retrieve the data based on specific standards. They are the most important element of SQL.

语句：它们可能对模式和数据产生持久影响，或者可以控制程序流，诊断，连接，交易或会话。

SQL语句也考虑分号（“;”）语句终结者。尽管并非每个平台上都需要它，但它被描述为SQL语法的标准部分。

JDBC司机

JDBC驱动程序是客户端机器（不在服务器上）上安装的客户端适配器。他们将请求从Java程序转换为DBM可以解释的协议。大多数关系数据库服务器都有免费的商业驱动程序。驾驶员分类如下：

Type 1: It calls native code of the locally available ODBC driver.

Type 2: It calls database vendor native library on a client side. This code then communicates to database over network.

Type 3: The pure-java driver communicates with the server-side middleware that then communicates to database.

Type 4: The pure-java driver that utilizes database native protocol.

There is a driver embedded with JRE in Java-enabled SQL databases known as internal JDBC driver, used for Java stored procedure. The Java Database Connectivity API is the industry standard for database-independent connectivity between the Java programming language and a wide set of databases. It allows a call-level API for SQL-based database access.

JDBC技术允许用户使用Java编程语言来利用“写作一次，在任何地方运行”的潜力，用于需要访问企业数据的应用程序。借助JDBC技术启用驱动程序，用户即使在异质环境中也可以连接所有公司数据。

设计模式

Design patterns lie in the domain of interconnections and modules. At a higher level there are architectural designs that are bigger in scope, usually define an overall pattern followed by an entire system. There are numerous design patterns, such as:

Algorithm scheme patterns dealing concerns related to high-level strategies defining how to use application features on a computing platform.

Computational design patterns dealing concerns in relation to identification of key computation.

Execution patterns that deal with concerns related to supporting application execution, including strategies in executing streams of building blocks to support task synchronization.

Implementation strategy patterns that deal with concerns related to enforcing source code to support

Program organization and the usual+ data structures particular to parallel programming.

结构设计模式，涉及与设计应用程序的高级结构有关的问题。

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