地球上有各种各样的元素和化合物。一些新元素合金和化合物已在实验室中合成。法拉第（Faraday）根据其磁性特性将这些物质归类为以下三类：
Diamagnetic substances
顺磁性物质和
Ferromagnetic substances.
Their main characteristics are discussed below.
Diamagnetic substances
磁磁性物质是单个原子/分子/离子本身不具有任何净磁矩的物质。
Some of the other important properties of diamagnetic substances are:
当悬浮在均匀的磁场中时，它们将最长的轴与磁场的方向设置为最长的轴时，短轴沿着磁场的方向设置。
当放置在非均匀的磁场中时，这些物质具有从田间的强部分移动到较弱的部分，将手表玻璃放在彼此靠近的电磁体的两个极点上。如果杆之间的距离增加，则中间的抑郁症是由于中心较强的场。效果逆转，因为在这种情况下，磁场在极点较强，中心更弱。
u管中的磁磁性液体的水平降低，而不是在经受磁场时升高，它证实了直流电从田间的强度向较弱的部分移动到较弱的部分。该特性意味着磁铁吸引像铁这样的金属，它将废除一种磁管物质。
当将磁管材料的样品放置在磁化场中时，磁场线不愿穿过样品，这意味着磁场线被排斥或排出，并且材料内部的场被减少。这种减少很小，是10的一部分。
Relative magnetic permeability of diamagnetic substances is always less then unity.
μ= b / B0and B < B0
∴ μr< 1
From the relationμr= 1 + xmas μr1。Xm负面。因此，抑制二氧化物的物质是阴性的。
Diamagnetics的敏感性确实会随温度启动。低温下的鞭毛是该一般特性的例外。
解释性磁性
Diamagnetism can be understood as follows
原子中的电子在某些轨道中围绕T5HE核旋转。轨道电子等同于电流携带环，因此除了遗嘱认证运动外，每个电子都具有轨道磁矩M，每个电子都在其轴周围具有旋转运动。因此，另一个称为自旋磁矩M的偶极磁矩也与电子有关。
In a diamagnetic substance M and M cancel each other for every atom so that the atom has no net magnetic dipole moment.
In a diamagnetic substance M and M cancel each tougher the every atom so that the atom has no net magnetic dipole moment.
When an external magnetic dials is applied those electrons having magnetic moment in the same direction slow down and those having magnetic moment in opposite direction speed u therefore the substance develops direction speed up therefore the substance develops net magnetic moment in a direction opposite two that f the supplied field. This accounts for all the properties of diamagnetic substances as stated above.
Examples of some diamagnetic materials are bismuth antimony copper lead silicon gold quartz mercury water alcohol air nitrogen hydrogen etc. infect diamagnetism is present in all the substances. However the effect in many cases is too weak.
Superconductors are the most exotic diamagnetic materials. These are metals cooled two very low temperatures which have zero resistance perfect conductivity and perfect diamagnetism. The magnetic field lines are completely expelled from superconductorsχm= -1和μr= 0如果有超导体。超导体驱除磁铁，进而被磁铁排斥。
The phenomenon of perfect diamagnetism in superconductors is called messier effect. Superconducting magnets have been used for running magnetically levitated superfast trains.
Paramagnetic substances: paramagnetic substances are those in which each individual atom molecule ion has a net non zero magnetic moment of its own some of the other important properties of paramagnetic substance are:
当悬浮在均匀的磁场中时，它们会旋转，以使最长的轴沿田间的方向带来。
When placed in a non- uniform magnetic field, they tend to move from weaker parts of the field to the stronger parts. It implies that paramagnetic substances get weakly attracted to a magnet. For example consider a paramagnetic powder or liquid put in a watch glass placed on two pole pieces of an electromagnet held close to each other (≈ 2 mm or so).if the distance between the poles is increased, the effect is reversed as in that case the field is stronger at the poles and weaker at the centre.
当将磁场应用于U –管的一个肢体中的顺磁性液体水平时。它证实了顺磁性物质的形态较弱，向磁场的更强部分移动。
When a specimen of a paramagnetic substance is placed in a magnetizing field, the magnetic field lines prefer to pass through the specimen rather than through air. Thus magnetic induction B inside the sample is more than the magnetic induction Bo outside the sample. The enhancement is slight, being one part in 10.
顺磁性物质的相对磁渗透性始终超过统一性。
Asμr= B / B0和b> b0
∴ μr> 1。
来自SI关系μr= 1 + ymas μr> 1therefore ym must be positive. Hence susceptibility of paramagnetic substances is positive.
Susceptibility of paramagnetic substances varies inversely as the temperature of the substanceχm ∝ 1 / T他们随着温度升高而失去磁性特征。
par磁性的解释
The individual atoms or molecules or ions of a paramagnetic material possess some permanent magnetic dipole moment of their own. However, due to ceaseless random thermal motion of the atoms the dipoles are randomly oriented and no net magnetization is seen a paramagnetic material does not behave as a magnet in the absence of an external magnetic field.
When an external magnetic field is applied at low temperatures, the individual atomic dipole moments are made to align along the field. That is why the specimen gets magnetized weakly along the field. This is par magnetism.
When we raise the temperature of paramagnetic material the atomic dipoles acquire some kinetic energy. They try to disorient. That is why magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic materials decreases with rise in temperature.
顺磁性材料的一些例子是铝钠钙铂铬氧化物的氧气STPand copper chloride etc.
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