Isoquent Curves
经济学家已经使用了同学分析来解释和说明规模的回报。我们已经讨论了前一章中规模的回报概念。我们知道，当所有因素输入以相同的恒定比例更改时，响应于企业运营规模的变化，以相同的恒定比例更改，返回到产出的行为上的规模恢复量表。缩放率的收益增加（ii）减少了比例的回报率和（iii）恒定收益的规模。
(i) Increasing returns to scale: If the output production process increases at a faster rate of increase in an output remaining the same then the returns to scale are the production function with increase. It shows production line between a movement 2 units to 4 and output more than doubles from 50 units to 130 units. The length AB which is greater than length AB which is greater than length BC.OA >AB>BC
(ii) Decreasing returns to scale: when an increase in all inputs a production process leads to a less than proportion increase in output there is decreasing returns to scale. It is clear that the producer is unable to double the output. There are diminishing returns to scale are due to diseconomies of scale.
（iii）恒定回报量表：量表的恒定回报是指在输出中的扩展与因子输出的扩展成正比的情况。换句话说，将输入加倍的输出加倍。这在输入比例中可以看出。
A better approach: in the earlier discussion we have shown three different cases of returns to scale which are different. This is not a very realistic description of the situation. Generally the three returns to scale increase phase of a single production functions. Normally in a production unit the increasing returns is in a operation in the initial stages. After a point there is a phrase of constant returns to scale where output increase in the same proportion as inputs. Empirical evidence suggests that the phrase continue to expand then eventually a point of time will occur due to mounting difficulties of varying returns to scale.
行或扩张路径of the firms showing the changes in output with a change in the factor proportion remain same. Increasing return section PR with other section RU where the Isoquant are of equal distance apart decreasing isoquants becoming farther apart factor inputs are needed to produce the same increase in output.
Isoquent Curves
返回规模可以在等速曲线的帮助下更清楚地解释。在我们借助等量的帮助下研究规模的回报之前，我们将很好地观察比例和规模之间的区别。该术语比例可以定义为一个固定因子与许多可变因素的组合。比例的想法在回报降低的定律中是隐含的。根据该法律，土地是固定因素，而人工是可变因素。由于它保持固定，而劳动有所不同，这两个因素之间的比例发生了变化。这是由于收益递减法律的这种变化开始运作。比例的概念是一个短期概念，因为由于没有足够的时间可用，在短期内不能以相同的比例增加所有因素。
The term scale in the contrary is different. It does not involve any change in factor proportions as the term proportion does. The factors proportions remain constant despite the changes in the quantities of factors.
The difference between the changes in factor proportions will become clear from the study of
In this RS line is parallel to OX It indicates the proportion. The firm moves along RS to the right to produce outputs of 100, 150 and 200 units respectively. What it implies is that the firm keeps capital constant at OR while it goes on increasing the variable factor labour. Thus the movement along the line RS represents variation in factor proportions. Likewise, a vertical line MN parallel to the Y axis is drawn which is also indicate changes in factor proportion. But in this case will remain fixed while the quantity of capital will vary.
Now drawn a straight line OB passed through the origin. It will be seen along the line OB the inputs of both the factors labour and capital vary. Moreover because the line through the origin the ratio between the two proportion between capital and labour. The slope of line OB indicates doubt; indicate increased quantities of capital and labour to raise the output from 100 to 250 units, but the proportion between the two factors remains unchanged:
Factor Y (capital)/ FactorX (labour) = EI/ OI = FJ/ OJ = GK/ OK = HL/ OL
If any other straight line OB passed through the origin it will be seen that along line OB is a straight line through the ratio between the two proportions between capital and labour. The points E, F, G, H on the line OB no doubt indicate increased quantities of capital and labour between the two factors remain same:
比例和比例之间的区别可以表示如下：从等量地图中的OY轴上的任何点都可以绘制任何临界线和水平线，而在OY轴上的任何线上的任何线上的任何线上都从原始点中的任何线上的任何线中的任何线表示比例，同级地图显示了比例。
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