A hydroxyl is a chemical functional group having an oxygen atom connected by a covalent bond to the hydrogen atom, a pairing which can be understood as a substructure of the water molecule. This imparts to chemical structures some of the reactive properties of the OH of water (hydrogen bonding, ionizability, etc.). The neutral form of hydroxyl group is a hydroxyl radical. The anion form, (OH-) is known as the hydroxide anion; it has a single negative charge largely residing on the much more electronegative oxygen.
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The hydroxyl group is prevalent in organic chemistry, here it defines the functional group in alcohols (methanol, ethanol, etc.), appearing pervasively throughout the organic chemical structure (drugs, natural products, etc.) and biochemical structure-in sugars (saccharides), and in some of the amino acids and phospholipids, and in all biological barriers (biomembranes and cell walls). One cannot exaggerate its centrality in all chemistry, mainly because of its necessary targeting in organic synthesis, and its roles in the enzyme catalysis and inhibition, and in the creation of biological structures, both by the use of its hydrogen bonding capability. The capability underlies protein ligand interactions, and imparts water solubility and the internal structural stability to macromolecules, etc.
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