放大器
Amplification is process of increasing the strength of a signal. For instance, when you increase the volume setting on your stereo, you are taking a weak signal and increasing its power level (making it stronger). Circuits designed to provide amplification are known as amplifiers.
In "Electronics", signal amplifiers are frequently used devices as they have ability to amplify a relatively small input signal, for instance from a Sensor like a photo-device, into a much larger output signal to drive a Relay, lamp or loudspeaker for instance. There are a number of forms of electronic circuits classed as amplifiers, from Operational Amplifiers and Small Signal Amplifiers up to the Large Signal and Power Amplifiers. Amplifiers can be thought of as a box containing the amplifying device, like a Field Effect Transistor or Op-amp, Transistor, which has 2 input terminals and 2 output terminals (ground being common) with output signal being much greater than that of input signal as it has been "Amplified".
一个理想的信号放大器2 basic properties, Input Resistance or ( R在），输出电阻器（r出去) and of course amplification known as Gain or ( A ). Does not how complicated an amplifier circuit is, a general amplifier model can be used still to show the relationship of these 3 properties.
Oscillators
Oscillators are circuits which produce a repetitive waveform with only a DC voltage at output. The output waveform can be rectangular, sinusoidal, triangular, etc. At base of almost any oscillator there is an amplification stage with the positive feedback circuit which will produce a phase shift and an attenuation.
正反馈包括将输出信号重定向到没有相移的放大器的输入阶段。然后再次放大此反馈信号，生成产生反馈信号的输出信号。这种现象，其中输出信号“注意”自身以生成连续信号称为振荡。
Two conditions then should be fulfilled to have a stable oscillator:
1.反馈循环的相移应为0
2.馈回循环的总体增益应为1
为了达到振荡器的稳定状态，在开始期间，反馈回路的增益应大于1，以使输出信号的幅度振幅达到所需的水平。一旦达到了这个幅度，总体增益应该再次下降到一个。第一振荡是由扭转反应产生的，随着电源的打开，噪音。反馈电路应仅仅放大单个频率，并且从跑步机构拾取的相对微弱的信号随后使用噪声来启动振荡器。
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