多项式,GCD,HCF,代数数学,数学分配帮助beplay体育怎么安装

数学- 多项式,GCD,HCF,代数数学,数学

Polynomial:表格A的表达0xn+ a1xN-1+ a2xN-2+ ... + aN-1x+an0, 一个1, 一个2, ....., an are real numbers, n is a non-negative integer and a00,称为n的多项式。

例子:

(i) 7x - 2是学位的多项式。

(ii) 3x2-2x +is a polynomial of degree two.

(iii)x3-3x2+ x -9是第三度的多项式。

在上面的定义中0, 一个1, 一个2, ......... 一个n被称为多项式的系数。如果一个0, 一个1, 一个2,...... an是整数。然后多项式p(x)= a0xn+ a1xN-1+ ... + aN-1x + anis known as the polynomial with integral coefficients.

例子:

(i) 2x3-3x2+ 4x -9是具有积分系数的3度的多项式。

(ii)21/2x2-3x+5是程度2的多项式。系数并非所有整数。因此,它是具有非整体系数的多项式。

除数:A polynomial d(x) is called a divisor of a polynomial p(x), if d(x) is a factor of p(x).

In other words, a polynomial d(x) is a divisor of a polynomial p(x) if there exists a polynomial q(x) such that p(x) = d(x) q(x).

例子:

令p(x)= x2-3x + 2。

然后,p(x)=(x -1)(x -2)。显然,(x -1)和(x -2)是p(x)的因素。因此(x -1)和(x -2)是p(x)的分隔线。

最大公约数:

考虑两个多项式p(x)=(x -1)2(x + 2)(X+ 3)2and q(x) = (x - 1)3(x + 2)2

(x + 5)。显然,(x -1), - (x -1),

(x + 2), -(x + 2), (x - 1) (x + 2), -

(x -1)(x + 2):(x -1)2(x + 2), -

(X- 1)2(x + 2)是p(x)和q(x)的常见分区。我们观察到在所有共同的分区中,(x-1)2(x+2)和 - (x -1)2(X+2) are two common divisors of highest degree. The divisor - (x - 1)2(x + 2)has its highest degree term coefficient as negative whereas the divisor (x - 1)2(x + 2)has its highest degree term coefficient positive. Such a divisor is called the highest common divisor or greatest common divisor as defined below.

最大的常见除数(GCD)或最高共同因素(HCF):

两个多项式p(x)和q(x)的最大共同分裂(G.C.D.)是公共分裂,在所有共同的分裂中具有最高程度,其中最高度项的系数为正。

The g.c.d. of two polynomials can be obtained by using the following algorithm.

查找G.C.D.的算法通过分解方法

Step I.获得两个多项式。令多N0mials为p(x)和q(x)。

第二步。工厂多项式p(x)和q(x)。

第三步。以不同因素的能力的形式表达P(X)和Q(X)。

步骤IV。确定给定多项式共有的每个因素的最大功率。

步骤V。获取步骤IV中获得的所有因素的乘积。

步骤V中获得的产品是G.C.D.给定的多项式。

以下公式Wm有助于分解多项式。

(i) (x + y)2= x2+ 2xy + y2

(ii) (x - y)2= x2-2xy + y2

(iii) (x + y + z)2= x2+ y2+ z2+ 2xy + 2yz + 2zx

(iv)(x + y)3= x3+ 3xy(x + y) + y3

(v)(x -y)3= x3-3xy(x -y)-y3

(vi)x2- y2=(x -y)(x + y)

(vii)x3+ y3= (x + y) (x2-xy + y2)

(viii)x3- y3= (x - y) (x2+ xy +y2)

(ix)x3+ y3+ z3-3xyz =(x + y + z)(x2+ y2+ z2- xy - yz - zx)

(X) x4- y4= (x2-y2)(X2+y2)=(X-y) (x + y) (x2+y2)

(xi)x8- y8= (x4-y4)(X4+y4)=(X- y) (x + y) (x2+ y2) (x4+y4)

例子:

查找G.C.D.(x + 2)2(x -3)2(X+ 1)2和(x + 1)3(x + 2)3(X-3).

解决方案:

令p(x)=(x + 2)2(x -3)2(X+ 1)2和q (x) = (x + 1)3(x +2)3(x-3)。

两个多项式的最高程度公共分隔线是

(x + 2)2,(x -3)和(x + 1)2

因此,G.C.D.p(x)和q(x)是(x + 2)2(x -3)(X+ 1)2

如果p(x)干旱q(x)是两个多项式,那么我们定义

I.C.M.pix)和q(x)

p(x). q(x) / g.c.d.p(x) and q(x)

从这个定义来看,I.C.M.两个多项式pix)和q(x)是最低程度的多项式,它具有p(x)和q(x)为除数,并且其最高度项的系数与最高度期限系数的符号相同产品P(IX)。Q(x)。

例子:

找到I.C.M.

3倍2+ 5x -2和3x2- 7x + 2

解决方案:

令p(x)= 3x2+ 5x - 2 and q(x) = 3x2-7x + 2

p(x) = 3x2+ 5x -2 = 3x2+ 6x -x -2 = 3x(x + 2) - (x + 2)=(3x -1)(x + 2)和q(x)= 3x2-7x + 2 = 3x2-6x -x + 2 = 3x(x -2) - (x -2)=(ax -1)(x -2)。

So, g.c.d. of p(x) and q(x) is (3x - 1).

因此,I.C.M。p(x)和q(x)

p(x). q(x) / g.c.d of p(x) and q(x)

= (3x-1)(x+2).(3x-1)(x-2) / 3x-1

=(x + 2)(x -2)(3x -1)。

Aliter:The I.c.m. of two polynomials can also be determined by taking each factor of pix) and q(x) and if a factor is common we take that factor which has the highest degree in p(x), q(x).

其余和因素定理

其余定理:Let fix) be a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and a be any real number. If f(x) is divisible by (x - a), then the remainder is equal to f(a).

例子:

Determine the remainder when the polynomial f(x) = x4-3x2+ 2x + 1除以(x -1)。

解决方案:根据余数定理,所需的剩余等于f(1)。

现在,f(x)= x,-3x2+ 2x + 1

F(1)= 1-3 + 2 + 1 = 1。

因此,所需的剩余等于1。

因素定理:让fix)是大于或等于一个的多项式,并且是一个真实数,使得f(a)= 0,那么(x -a)是f(x)的因素。相反,如果(x -a)为f(x),则f(a)= o。

Remark:

(i) (x + a) is a factor of a polynomial f(x) iff f(-a) = 0

(ii)(ax -b)是多项式f(x)iff fib/a)= 0的因素

(iii)(ax + b)是多项式f(x)iff f(-b/a)= 0的因素

(iv) (x - a) (x - b) is a factor of a polynomial f(x) iff f(a) = 0 and f(b) = 0.

例子:(x -3)is a factor of the polynomial x3-3x2+ 4 x - 12所示。

解决方案:令pix)= x3-3x2+ 4x -12成为给出多项式。By factor theorem, (x - a) is a factor of a polynomial p(x) if p(a) = 0. Therefore, in order to prove that x - 3 is a factor of p(x), it is sufficient to show that p(3) = 0.

Now, p(x) = x3-3x2+ 4x -12

p(3) = 33-3×32+ 4 × 3 - 12

= 27 - 27 + 12 - 12 = 0

因此,(x -3)是pix的一个因子)= x3-3x2+ 4 x - 12所示。

FACTORISATION TO OPEN PRODUCT INTO FACTORS

类型I:取出常见因素:当表达式的每个项都有一个共同的因素时,我们将表达式的每个项除以该因子,并将其作为倍数。

II类:分组:The terms of the expression may be grouped so as to have a common factor. It can now be factorised as in type I.

III型:a2± 2ab + b2= (a ± b)2.

IV型:两个正方形的差异:a2- b2=(a -b)(a+ b).

Type V: Sum and difference of two cubes:a3+ b3=(A + B)

(a2-AB + B2) 一个3- b3=(a -b)(a2+ ab + b2)

VI类型:x2+(a + b)x + ab =(x + a)(x + b)

类型VII:ax2+ bx + c.

使用余数定理对多元构象构进行分解:The遵循算法是very helpful in the factorization of polynomials Over integers.

算法:

Step I.获取给定多项式f(x) (say).

第二步。Obtain the constant term in f(x) and find its all Possible factors.

例如,在多项式f(x)= x中3-6x2+11倍-6恒定术语是-6和itsfactors are ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6.

第三步。采取其中一个因素,例如1and replace x by it in the given polynomial. If the polynomial reduces to zero, then x - a1是多项式的因素。否则,请采取另一个因素并继续此过程,直到获得与多项式程度一样多的因素。

令X-A1, x - a2, x - a3,.........一个3,......是通过应用上述程序获得的因素。

步骤IV。Put f(x) equal to k(x - a1) (x - a2) (x - a3)...即,写f(x)= k(x -a1) (x - a2) (x - a3).....,其中k是一个常数。

步骤V。替换除x以外的任何值1, 一个2, 一个3,........在步骤IV中获得的公式中,并获取k的值。

Step VI.替换k在f(x)= k中的值(x -a1) (x - a2) (x - a3)以下示例将说明上述过程

使用因子定理,分解多项式

x3-6x2+ 11x - 6.

解决方案:令f(x)= x3-6x2+ 11x - 6.

The constant term in f(x) is equal to -6 are ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6.

放置x = 1inf(x),我们有

F(1)= 13- 6 × 12 + 11 × 1 - 6 = 1 - 6 + 11 - 6 = 0

\(X- 1) is a factor of f(x).相似地,x - 2 and x - 3 are factors of f(x).

自从f(x)是第3度的多项式。因此,它不能具有三个以上的线性因素。

令f(x)= k(x -1)(x -2)(x -3)。

然后,

x3-6x2+ 11x - 6 = k(x - 1) (x - 2) (x - 3)

将x = 0放在两边,我们得到

-6 = k(0-1)(0-2)(0-3)þ6=-6KÞK= 1

Putting k = 1 in f(x) = k(x - 1) (x - 2) (x - 3), we get f(x) = (x - 1)

(X- 2) (x - 3)

因此,x3-6x2+ 11x -6 =(x -1)(x -2)(x -3)。

笔记:有时,通过使用上述过程获得给定多项式的所有因素并不方便。在这种情况下,如果给定的多项式是立方体,那么我们通过使用因子定理找到一个因素,然后将多项式分开以使二次多项式作为商。然后,通过拆分中间项将二次多项式分解。如果给定的多项式是第四度多项式,则我们通过使用因子定理找到两个线性因子,然后将多项式除以其产物以获得二次多项式作为商。现在,我们将二次多项式分配以获取给定多项式的所有可能因素

Symmetric expressions:An algebraic expression involving two or more letters is said to be symmetric with respect to a pair of letters if it remains unchanged when these letters are interchanged.

例子:表达式a2+ 5ab + b2is symmetric with respect to a and b since when a and b are interchanged, the resulting expression b2+ 5ba + a2与原始的相同。

Homogeneous expression:如果每个项中所有变量的幂之和等于n,则在两个或多个变量中的表达被认为是n的同质表达。

例子:Clearly, the expression a + b + c is a homogeneous expression of degree one.

使用因子定理对环状表达进行分解:我们应使用与多项式分解相同的程序来分解环状表达式。

不确定系数的原理:

If two polynomials of the same degree in one variable are identically equal, then the coefficients of the like powers of the variable in the two polynomials are separately equal i.e.,

a0+ a1x + a2x2+……。。。。。+ anxn= b0+ b1+ b2x2+……。。。+ bnxn

þ0a0= b0, 一个1= b1, 一个2, = b2, ......., 一个0= bn

例子:使用因子定理,我们证明

a2(b - c) + b2(c -a) + c2(a - b) = - (a - b) (b - c) (c - a)

解决方案:We have:

LHS = a2(b - c) + b2(c -a) + c2(a -b)= a2b - a2C + b2c -b2a + c2A -c2b.

显然,这是第3级的同质表达。

Putting a = b in the given expression it becomes

= b2。b - b2C + b2c -b2。B + c2b - c2b = 0

因此,(a -b)是给定表达的因素。

相似地,by symmetry each of (b - c) and (c - a) is a factor of the expression.

现在,由于给定的表达是1度的对称和均匀表达。因此,它不能具有3个线性因子。因此,让

a2(b - c) + a2(c -a) + c2(a -b)= k(a -b)(b -c)(c- a)k是常数。

现在,将A,B,C的任何方便值放在上述身份中,以使(i)的两侧都零,我们可以获取k的值。

将a = 0,b = 1和c = -1 in

(i), we get

0 + 1(-1-0) +(-1)2(0-1)= k

(0 -1)(1 + 1)(-1-0)

0-2 =2KÞ0K = -1

Substituting k = - 1 in (i), we get

a2(b _ c) + b2(c -a) + c2(a -b)= - (a -b)(b -c)(c- a)。

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