微观经济分析
微观经济分析有三种类型 -
（a）简单的微型统计 - 简单的微观经济分析研究在给定时间点处于平衡时的集合。它无法解释如何实现平衡。它确实处理了随时间变化的问题。这意味着平衡是恒定的。
Simple Micro-static can be explained by taking the example of equilibrium prices of any commodity. The forces of demand and supply establish equilibrium at a point E. So long as the demand function DD and the supply function SS in the fig. remain unchanged the price of the commodity shall remain fixed at OP because at this price the total amount demanded is equal to the total amount supplied. Consequently, is in a static equilibrium.
(b) Comparative Micro-Statics- It is the second way of analyzing micro-economics problems. Here we see what happens when some variables change, what happens to price, quantity and equilibrium when some variables change. For example, in fig. the new equilibrium is established at E1. The quantity demanded and supplied increase to OM1 and price OP1. Comparing micro- statics compares the two equilibria, E and E1.
Micro-Dynamics- It throws full light on the happenings in the transition from one equilibrium to another. It involves the fullest study of the forces which come into equilibrium and the establishment of another.
简而言之，微观经济学的方法完全反映了一个平衡与另一种平衡的干扰之间发生的所有不平衡。因此，该方法涉及整个序列的全长电影膜。
SL is the long period supply curve when the demand curves DD shifts upward the equilibrium is disturbed. Price is pushed up from ME (OP) to MC since the supply is perfectly inelastic at a point of time. The sellers are motivated to increase output because they enjoy pure surplus of CE per unit of commodity. This shifts supply curve after some time interval to the position of S2. Price now falls by FG, which is however more than M1E1 (OP1) at which normal profits are available. The sellers have still inducement to curve shifts to the right to S3 after some time. Price falls by HE1. This process of output expansion finally results in long period equilibrium price OP1 in the market.
Thus, micro-dynamics is concerned with the study of market in a state if disequilibrium. It traces the path of the movement from one equilibrium to another. It studies the process of change the movement from one equilibrium to another until the piece finally settles at OP1 fig. shows the movement of the path of equilibrium between E and E1 with the help of dotted stair case line ECFGHE1.
微观经济学在经济学中占有重要地位，并且具有理论和实际重要性。凯恩斯认为这是一个人思想仪器的必要组成部分。
1. To understand the working of the economy: micro-economics reveals how a decentralised syustem of a free private enterprise functions without any central control. Professor Lerner states, “micro-economics teaches is that completely direct running of the economy is impossible that a modern economy is so complex that no central planning body can obtain all the information and give out all the directives necessary for its efficient operation.” Thus, micro-economics helps in understanding how decisions regarding how, what and for whom to produce, how to distribute and what to consume, are taken by producers and consumers without any external interference.
2. To provide tools for economic policies: micro-economics is an important tool of economic policy. Economic policies of the government are studied in the light of their effect on the working of individual pr particular unit. For instance, micro-economics will state whether the rationing is justified or not in the interest of citizens of a country.
3.在资源的最佳利用中有用：在微观经济学的帮助下，我们可以轻松地找到对生产者和消费者最佳利用的最佳利用情况。当生产要素的边际产品的比率等于其价格之比时，生产商将获得最大的利润。这种情况将是微观层面上最高福利的情况。同样，微观经济学提供了替代法则，当边际公用事业比率等于各种商品之比时，消费者将最大化他的满意度。从数学上讲，生产商在商品时最大化利润或最大化其成本。从数学上讲，生产者在
MP1/P1 = MP2/P2 = ….. = MPn/Pn
Also a consumer maximises satisfaction when,
MU1/P1 = MU2/P2 = ….. = MUn/Pn
Where MU is marginal utility and P is the price. The subscripts 1, 2 …..n indicate the respective commodities.
4.对企业主管的有益：微观经济理论的分析工具对企业主管做出有关需求，成本价格等的决策。生产者采用许多重要的决策者的微观经济理论。线性编程调查了替代生产过程中最佳的生产过程，以获得最大的利润。同样，运营研究（OR）也大大利用了解决经济问题的微观经济学。
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